Why are dates calculated from January 1st, 1970?

Question

Is there any reason behind using date(January 1st, 1970) as default standard for time manipulation? I have seen this standard in Java as well as in Python. These two languag

Answer 1

using date(January 1st, 1970) as default standard

The Question makes two false assumptions:

• All time-tracking in computing is done as a count-since-1970.
• Such tracking is standard.

Two Dozen Epochs

Time in computing is not always tracked from the beginning of 1970 UTC. While that epoch reference is popular, various computing environments over the decades have used at least nearly two dozen epochs. Some are from other centuries. They range from year 0 (zero) to 2001.

Here are a few.

January 0, 1 BC

January 1, AD 1

October 15, 1582

January 1, 1601

December 31, 1840

November 17, 1858

December 30, 1899

December 31, 1899

January 1, 1900

January 1, 1904

December 31, 1967

January 1, 1980

January 6, 1980

January 1, 2000

January 1, 2001

Unix Epoch Common, But Not Dominant

The beginning of 1970 is popular, probably because of its use by Unix. But by no means is that dominant. For example:

• Countless millions (billions?) of Microsoft Excel & Lotus 1-2-3 documents use January 0, 1900 (December 31, 1899).
• The world now has over a billion iOS/OS X devices using the Cocoa (NSDate) epoch of 1 January 2001, GMT.
• The GPS satellite navigation system uses January 6, 1980 while the European alternative Galileo uses 22 August 1999.

ISO 8601

Assuming a count-since-epoch is using the Unix epoch is opening a big vulnerability for bugs. Such a count is impossible for a human to instantly decipher, so errors or issues won't be easily flagged when debugging and logging. Another problem is the ambiguity of granularity explained below.

I strongly suggest instead serializing date-time values as unambiguous ISO 8601 strings for data interchange rather than an integer count-since-epoch: YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.SSSZ such as 2014-10-14T16:32:41.018Z.

Count Of What Since Epoch

Another issue with count-since-epoch time tracking is the time unit, with at least four levels of resolution commonly used.

• Seconds
  The original Unix facilities used whole seconds, leading to the Year 2038 Problem when we reach the limit of seconds since 1970 if stored as a 32-bit integer.
• Milliseconds
  Used by older Java libraries, including the bundled java.util.Date class and the Joda-Time library.
• Microseconds
  Used by databases such as Postgres.
• Nanoseconds
  Used by the new java.time package in Java 8.