Arrays and -contains - test for substrings in the elements of an array

Question

I am trying to filter out users that are in a specific group.

I got the following output in a variable: Group1 Group2 etc...

One group for eac

Answer 1

The answer was -match insted of contains. Now the output is true.

Answer 2

It looks like your misconception was that you expected PowerShell's -contains operator to perform substring matching against the elements of the LHS array.
Instead, it performs equality tests - as -eq would - against the array's elements - see this answer for details.

In order to perform literal substring matching against the elements of an array, use:

# With non-literal search strings:
[bool] $contains = $group -match ([regex]::Escape($someString))

# With a string literal that doesn't contain regex metachars.,
# escaping isn't needed.
[bool] $contains = $group -match 'foo'

# With a string literal with metachars., you must individually \-escape them.
[bool] $contains = $group -match 'foo\.bar'

Note:

• The above shows a robust, generic way of ensuring that your search string is treated as a literal value using [regex]::Escape(), which is necessary because -match expects a regex (regular expression) as its RHS (the search pattern).

• Escaping isn't always necessary; specifically, only the presence of so-called metacharacters (those with special meaning in a regex, such as .) requires it, and when you're using a string literal, you can opt to directly \-escape them; e.g., to search for literal substring a.b, you can pass 'a\.b'.

  • Chances are that AD group names do not require escaping, but it's important to be aware of the need for it in general.

• As with all operators in PowerShell, by default the matching is case-insensitive; use the -cmatch variant for case-sensitive matching.

• The [bool] type constrained above is used to ensure that the result of the -match operation is converted to a Boolean:

  • While -match directly returns a Boolean with a scalar (non-array) LHS, with an array LHS it acts as a filter, and returns the matching array elements instead; interpreted in a Boolean context, such as in an if conditional, that usually still gives the expected result, because a non-empty array is interpreted as $true, whereas an empty one as $false; again, however it's important to know the difference.

• This will rarely be a performance concern in practice, but it is worth noting that -match, due to acting as a filter with arrays, always matches against all array elements - it doesn't stop once the first match is found, the way that the -contains and -in operators do.

  • On the plus side, you can use -match to obtain the matching elements themselves.

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The mistaken expectation of -contains performing substring matching may have arisen from confusion with the similarly named, but unrelated String.Contains() method, which indeed performs literal substring matching; e.g., 'foo'.Contains('o') yields $true. Also note that .Contains() is case-sensitive by default.

PowerShell has no operator for literal substring matching.

However, you could combine PowerShell's generic array-filtering features with the .Contains() string method - but note that this will typically perform (potentially much) worse than the -match approach.

A reasonably performant alternative is to use the PSv4+ .Where() array method as follows:

# Note: Substring search is case-sensitive here.
[bool] $contains = $group.Where({ $_.Contains("string") }, 'First')

On the plus side, this approach stops matching once the first match is found.