this is a similar question to this post in SO.But the answer provided here cannot be applied in my case as i cannot change the response headers from server.
Suppose
This is not an issue of AngularJS / $http but it is the behavior of the browsers and their XMLHttpRequest object: If the CORS request fails, the browser does not give any information back to the caller.
Before I got this understanding, I also though it to be an AngularJS issue and I raised an open issue on github of Angular -> with the corresponding comment.
https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/13085#issuecomment-148047721
So I think there seems no other way to solve this as to add the Access-Control-Allow-Origin
response header also on the proxy / load balancer in case of 503.
Edit:
If your load balancer is a HAproxy, the following may help you too:
HAproxy: different 503 errorfile for OPTIONS and POST methods
It shows how to let HAproxy anwer the CORS requests autonomous.