Generate a powerset of a set without keeping a stack in Erlang or Ruby

Question

I would like to generate a powerset of a rather big set (about 30-50 elements) and I know that it takes 2^n to store the powerset.

Is it possible to gen

Answer 1

Edit: Added the enumerator (as @Jörg W Mittag) if no block is given.

class Array
  def powerset
    return to_enum(:powerset) unless block_given?
    1.upto(self.size) do |n|
      self.combination(n).each{|i| yield i}
    end
  end
end
# demo
['a', 'b', 'c'].powerset{|item| p item} # items are generated one at a time
ps = [1, 2, 3, 4].powerset # no block, so you'll get an enumerator 
10.times.map{ ps.next } # 10.times without a block is also an enumerator

Output

["a"]
["b"]
["c"]
["a", "b"]
["a", "c"]
["b", "c"]
["a", "b", "c"]
[[1], [2], [3], [4], [1, 2], [1, 3], [1, 4], [2, 3], [2, 4], [3, 4]]

Answer 2

This uses the standard "bit array" trick for generating power sets (and it uses the fact that Ruby's Integers behave as bit arrays). But more importantly, it uses an Enumerator to generate the sets lazily.

require 'set'

module Enumerable
  def powerset
    number_of_sets = 2 ** count

    Enumerator.new {|ps|
      number_of_sets.times {|i|
        ps << Set[*reject.with_index {|_, j| i[j].zero? }]
      }
    }
  end
end

This works perfectly fine even for thousands of elements:

enum = (1..10_000).powerset
enum.next # => #<Set: {}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {1}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {2}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {1, 2}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {3}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {1, 3}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {2, 3}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {1, 2, 3}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {4}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {1, 4}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {2, 4}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {1, 2, 4}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {3, 4}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {1, 3, 4}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {2, 3, 4}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {1, 2, 3, 4}>
enum.next # => #<Set: {5}>
# ...

EDIT: This is based on @steenslag's solution. I totally forgot about Array#combination, since I was too focused on finding a solution that would work for any Enumerable. However, my solution requires that the Enumerable be finite anyway, and any finite Enumerable should probably be representable as an Array, so that's not much of a restriction.

module Enumerable
  def powerset
    ary = to_a

    Enumerator.new {|ps|
      ary.size.times {|n|
        ary.combination(n).each(&ps.method(:yield))
      }
    }
  end
end

Answer 3

One way to generate a powerset of a list (which is in fact the one that your Erlang example uses) is to iterate over all numbers x from 0 to 2^n (exclusive) and for each x, generate the list that contains the ith element of the original list if and only if the ith bit of x is set.

Since using this approach generating the current list only depends on the value of x and not on any of the previously generated lists, you don't have to keep the lists in memory after using them. So this approach can be used to do what you want.