On Python ≥2.7 or ≥3.1, we have a built-in data structure collections.Counter to tally a list
>>> l = ['a','a','b','c','c','c']
>>> Counter(l)
Counter({'c': 3, 'a': 2, 'b': 1})
It is easy to build [2, 2, 1, 3, 3, 3]
afterwards.
>>> c = _
>>> [c[i] for i in l] # or map(c.__getitem__, l)
[2, 2, 1, 3, 3, 3]