Python, what does an underscore before parenthesis do

Question

Looking through some of the Django code at authentication forms I noticed the following syntax

label=_(\"Username\")

Normally I would have

Answer 1

The _ is the name of a callable (function, callable object). It's usually used for the gettext function, for example in Django:

 from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _
 print _("Hello!")  # Will print Hello! if the current language is English
                    # "Bonjour !" in French
                    # ¡Holà! in Spanish, etc.

As the doc says:

Python’s standard library gettext module installs _() into the global namespace, as an alias for gettext(). In Django, we have chosen not to follow this practice, for a couple of reasons:

[...]

The underscore character (_) is used to represent “the previous result” in Python’s interactive shell and doctest tests. Installing a global _() function causes interference. Explicitly importing ugettext() as _() avoids this problem.

Even if it's a convention, it may not be the case in your code. But be reassured, 99.9% of the time _ is an alias for gettext :)

Answer 2

It calls the function _ with the argument "Username", just like f("Username") would call the function f. Probably _ is a function for internationalising strings.

Answer 3

The underscore is just another Python object, but by convention the gettext library scans for it to find translatable text.

Usually it is bound to the ugettext callable:

from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _

See the translation chapter of the Django documentation:

Python’s standard library gettext module installs _() into the global namespace, as an alias for gettext(). In Django, we have chosen not to follow this practice, for a couple of reasons:

• For international character set (Unicode) support, ugettext() is more useful than gettext(). Sometimes, you should be using ugettext_lazy() as the default translation method for a particular file. Without _() in the global namespace, the developer has to think about which is the most appropriate translation function.
• The underscore character (_) is used to represent “the previous result” in Python’s interactive shell and doctest tests. Installing a global _() function causes interference. Explicitly importing ugettext() as _() avoids this problem.