Even if you want to learn it all from the bottom up, an open source physics library that is well coded and documented contains far more information than a book. How do I deal with situation x... find in files can be faster than a paper index.
Original response:
What, no mention of Box2D? Its an open source side project of a blizzard employee, has a good community, and well, works great.
In my (brief) experience with Box2D, integrating it with Torque Game Builder, I found the API clean to use, documentation was clear, it supported all the physics objects I expected (joints in particular were a requirement), and the community looked friendly and active (sometime around early 2010).
Judging by forum posters, it also appeared that managers were receptive to source contributions (that did not carry license baggage).
It's island based solver seemed quite fast, as I expected from its reputation, not that I did any major performance testing.