This is what I get even when I run in the Debug configuration:
The way I got this to show was by enabling "Just My Code" and warn if there
This started happening to me after applying Update 1. Existing projects started showing this, and I can replicate it with a brand new project. All configuration is set to DEBUG, and Optimize is not checked.
The kicker is, running the project the first time (or after a Clean) runs just fine, without any message. Stopping, then re-running the project (note - the project is not rebuiblt) will display the dialog.
The only solution is to turn off the Just My Code option - which seems a hack, as it was on previous to Update 1 without any problems.
I tried pretty much everything in this list, but in the end I fixed this by opening the solution properties and switching from "Multiple startup projects" to "Single startup project" and back again.
For me, it was a NuGet reference from a private NuGet server. I don't know how it was compiled, but changing the reference to a project reference got me past the problem.
After viewing the link by Patrick as a comment to the question, someone noted a workaround which was to stop the site in IIS Express. I was able to prevent this same problem from arising by doing just that after stopping the debugger in Visual Studio.
However, I was looking into it more, and I believe it could also be related to the 'Edit and Continue' setting for the debugger. When I disabled that in the menu Tools → Options... of Visual Studio, I no longer had the problem. But then that would prevent you from using the Edit and Continue feature, so I am not sure if that's worth it to you.
Menu Tools → Options → Debugger → Edit and Continue (scroll to the bottom of the General list) → uncheck the Edit and Continue checkbox.
I also experienced this suddenly after installing Update 1, but it could just be that I had this setting off in the first place...I am not sure though.
Use the Configuration Manager to check what the actual settings are for the Debug configuration - it's at menu Build → Configuration Manager... - in case they are set to use Release:
Also, make sure the project is defining DEBUG correctly, and that "Optimize Code" is not checked:
I spent two days, and it looks like Reset the Visual Studio 2017 Experimental Instance helped me.