[I marked this answer as Community Wiki because you're specifically not looking for Javascript]
http://softwaremaniacs.org/soft/highlight/ is a PHP (plus the following list of other languages supported) syntax highlighting library:
Python, Ruby, Perl, PHP, XML, HTML, CSS, Django, Javascript, VBScript, Delphi, Java, C++, C#, Lisp, RenderMan (RSL and RIB), Maya Embedded Language, SQL, SmallTalk, Axapta, 1C, Ini, Diff, DOS .bat, Bash
It uses <span class="keyword"> style markup.
It has also been integrated in the dojo toolkit (as a dojox project: dojox.lang.highlight)
Though not the most popular way to run a webserver, strictly speaking, Javascript is not only implemented on the client-side, but there are also Server-Side Javascript engine/platform combinations too.