Is there a Windows command line command that I can use to get the full path to the current working directory?
Also, how can I store this path inside a variable used
For Windows, cd by itself will show you the current working directory.
For UNIX and workalike systems, pwd will perform the same task. You can also use the $PWD shell variable under some shells. I am not sure if Windows supports getting the current working directory via a shell variable or not.
You can set a batch/environment variable as follows:
SET var=%cd%
ECHO %var%
sample screenshot from a Windows 7 x64 cmd.exe.

Update: if you do a SET var = %cd% instead of SET var=%cd% , below is what happens. Thanks to jeb.

Capturing the current directory from a batch file