Order of execution in operator <<

Question

I have difficulties in understanding the sequence of calls in the code below. I was expecting to see the output below

    A1B2

While I can

Answer 1

The compiler can evaluate the function printcbase() as this:

void printcbase(cbase* b ){
    int a = b->FooA();    // line 1
    int b = b->FooB();    // line 2
    std::cout << a;       // line 3
    std::cout << b;       // line 4
    stc::cout << std::endl;
}

or some of many permutatins of lines marked as 1 - 4. You are only guaranteed that that the line 1 is done before the line 3, and line 2 before the line 4 (and of course line 3 before line 4). Standard does not say more and indeed you can expect different results with different C++ compilers.

Answer 2

The order of execution of << is well defined but the order of evaluation of sub-expressions is not defined in C++. This article and the C code example illustrates the problem you mentioned.

BA12 and AB12 are both correct. In the following code:

std::cout<< b->fooA() << b->fooB()

1 will appear before 2 but A could appear before or after B since the compiler does not promise whether it will evaluate fooA or fooB first.

Answer 3

The shift operators are left-associative; a << b << c is read as (a << b) << c, meaning that if a is of a type with member user-defined operator<< (and returns that type) then the expression reads as a.operator<<(b).operator<<(c). If instead a free operator<< is used, then this reads as operator<<(operator<<(a, b), c).

So the evaluation of a << b is sequenced before the evaluation of (a << b) << c, but there is no sequencing dependency between the evaluation of b and c:

a << b << c[1]
|         |
a << b[2] |
|    |    c[5]
a[3] b[4]

If we number the side-effects as above, then the side-effects can be sequenced as any of:

54321
53421
45321
43521
43251
35421
34521
34251