Parallelized optimization in R

Question

I\'m running R on linux box that has 8 multicore processors, and have an optimization problem I\'d like to speed up by parallelizing the optimization routine itself. Importantly

Answer 1

I am the author of the R package optimParallel. It provides parallel versions of the gradient-based optimization methods of optim(). The main function of the package is optimParallel(), which has the same usage and output as optim(). Using optimParallel() can significantly reduce optimization times as illustrated in the following figure (p is the number of paramters).

See https://cran.r-project.org/package=optimParallel and http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.11058 for more information.

Answer 2

I used the package doSNOW to run a code on 8 cores. I can just copy&paste the part of the code that refers to this package. Hope it helps!

    # use multicore libraries
      # specify number of cores to use
    cores<- 8
      cluster <- makeCluster(cores, type="SOCK")
      registerDoSNOW(cluster)

      # check how many cores will be used
      ncores <- getDoParWorkers()
    print(paste("Computing algorithm for ", cores, " cores", sep=""))
      fph <- rep(-100,12)

      # start multicore cicle on 12  subsets
      fph <- foreach(i=1:12, .combine='c') %dopar% {
        PhenoRiceRun(sub=i, mpath=MODIS_LOCAL_DIR, masklocaldir=MASK_LOCAL_DIR, startYear=startYear, tile=tile, evismoothopt=FALSE)
      }


  stopCluster(cluster) # check if gives error
  gc(verbose=FALSE)

Answer 3

As you have not accepted an answer, this idea might help: For global optimisation the package DEoptim() has an in-built option for parallel optimisation. Nice thing is, it's easy to use and documentation well written.

c.f. http://www.jstatsoft.org/v40/i06/paper (currently down)

http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/DEoptim/index.html

Beware: Differential Evolglobal optimizers might still run into locals.

Answer 4

Here is a rough solution, that at least has some promise. Big thanks to Ben Bolker for pointing out that many/most optimization routines allow user-specified gradient functions.

A test problem with more parameter values might show more significant improvements, but on an 8 core machine the run using the parallelized gradient function takes about 70% as long as the serial version. Note the crude gradient approximation used here seems to slow convergence and thus adds some time to the process.

## Set up the cluster
require("parallel");
.nlocalcores = NULL; # Default to "Cores available - 1" if NULL.
if(is.null(.nlocalcores)) { .nlocalcores = detectCores() - 1; }
if(.nlocalcores < 1) { print("Multiple cores unavailable! See code!!"); return()}
print(paste("Using ",.nlocalcores,"cores for parallelized gradient computation."))
.cl=makeCluster(.nlocalcores);
print(.cl)


# Now define a gradient function: both in serial and in parallel
mygr <- function(.params, ...) {
  dp = cbind(rep(0,length(.params)),diag(.params * 1e-8)); # TINY finite difference
  Fout = apply(dp,2, function(x) fn(.params + x,...));     # Serial 
  return((Fout[-1]-Fout[1])/diag(dp[,-1]));                # finite difference 
}

mypgr <- function(.params, ...) { # Now use the cluster 
  dp = cbind(rep(0,length(.params)),diag(.params * 1e-8));   
  Fout = parCapply(.cl, dp, function(x) fn(.params + x,...)); # Parallel 
  return((Fout[-1]-Fout[1])/diag(dp[,-1]));                  #
}


## Lets try it out!
fr <- function(x, slow=FALSE) { ## Rosenbrock Banana function from optim() documentation.
  if(slow) { Sys.sleep(0.1); }   ## Modified to be a little slow, if needed.
  x1 <- x[1]
  x2 <- x[2]
  100 * (x2 - x1 * x1)^2 + (1 - x1)^2
}

grr <- function(x, slow=FALSE) { ## Gradient of 'fr'
  if(slow) { Sys.sleep(0.1); }   ## Modified to be a little slow, if needed.
  x1 <- x[1]
  x2 <- x[2]
  c(-400 * x1 * (x2 - x1 * x1) - 2 * (1 - x1),
    200 *      (x2 - x1 * x1))
}

## Make sure the nodes can see these functions & other objects as called by the optimizer
fn <- fr;  # A bit of a hack
clusterExport(cl, "fn");

# First, test our gradient approximation function mypgr
print( mypgr(c(-1.2,1)) - grr(c(-1.2,1)))

## Some test calls, following the examples in the optim() documentation
tic = Sys.time();
fit1 = optim(c(-1.2,1), fr, slow=FALSE);                          toc1=Sys.time()-tic
fit2 = optim(c(-1.2,1), fr, gr=grr, slow=FALSE, method="BFGS");   toc2=Sys.time()-tic-toc1
fit3 = optim(c(-1.2,1), fr, gr=mygr, slow=FALSE, method="BFGS");  toc3=Sys.time()-tic-toc1-toc2
fit4 = optim(c(-1.2,1), fr, gr=mypgr, slow=FALSE, method="BFGS"); toc4=Sys.time()-tic-toc1-toc2-toc3


## Now slow it down a bit
tic = Sys.time();
fit5 = optim(c(-1.2,1), fr, slow=TRUE);                           toc5=Sys.time()-tic
fit6 = optim(c(-1.2,1), fr, gr=grr, slow=TRUE, method="BFGS");    toc6=Sys.time()-tic-toc5
fit7 = optim(c(-1.2,1), fr, gr=mygr, slow=TRUE, method="BFGS");   toc7=Sys.time()-tic-toc5-toc6
fit8 = optim(c(-1.2,1), fr, gr=mypgr, slow=TRUE, method="BFGS");  toc8=Sys.time()-tic-toc5-toc6-toc7

print(cbind(fast=c(default=toc1,exact.gr=toc2,serial.gr=toc3,parallel.gr=toc4),
            slow=c(toc5,toc6,toc7,toc8)))