I would like to modally add a view controller with a transparent background, so the parent view controller beneath can be seen. (This is in an app for iPhone, not for iPad.)
Answer for Swift 5.
TransparentViewController
self.view.backgroundColor = .clear
PresentingViewController
let viewController = TransparentViewController() viewController.modalPresentationStyle = .overFullScreen navigationController.present(viewController, animated: false)