Okay, I know that the answer to this question is ICMP - all my textbooks are saying so, the Internet is saying so, everyone is saying so... except for my TA. According to this T
Internet Control Message Protocol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol
ICMP is built on top of a bunch of other protocols, so in that sense your TA is correct. However, ping itself is ICMP.