In git bash for windows, the username and/or password is asked in a separate UI popup prompt like below.
On Hitting Cancel you get the below shell based prompt
Unset SSH_ASKPASS.
unset SSH_ASKPASS
To do this automatically each time you open git bash, you can add the above line to the end of your .bashrc.
The gitcredentials docs linked in other answers list a number of places git will check to determine how to ask for a password. I investigated each in turn:
env | grep GIT
git config --get core.askPass
env | grep SSH
The last command told me SSH_ASKPASS existed:
SSH_ASKPASS=/mingw64/libexec/git-core/git-gui--askpass`.
This is not part of my dotfiles, and so seems to come from the default Windows git distribution from http://git-scm.com.