Is there any key mapping that outputs the current row number of the line being edited? Or, even better yet, can we do formulas based on the output of the key mapping?
I
What do you mean by "output"? You can do:
:echo line(".") + 1
To display the current line number plus 1. You can bind a keystroke with map, eg:
map
:noremap :echo line(".") + 1
To actually insert the data into the buffer:
:noremap :execute "normal! i" . ( line(".") + 1 )