You can set the Vim color scheme by issuing
:colorscheme SCHEME_NAME
but, oddly enough, you can\'t get the currently used scheme by is
A one-line version of DrAl's answer:
let current_scheme = get(g:, 'colors_name', 'default')
The get() function will fall back to 'default' if the variable has not yet been set.
get()
'default'