What exactly PHI instruction does and how to use it in LLVM

Question

LLVM has phi instruction with quite weird explanation:

The \'phi\' instruction is used to implement the φ node in the SSA graph representing the function

Answer 1

A phi node is an instruction used to select a value depending on the predecessor of the current block (Look here to see the full hierarchy - it's also used as a value, which is one of the classes which it inherits from).

Phi nodes are necessary due to the structure of the SSA (static single assignment) style of the LLVM code - for example, the following C++ function

void m(bool r, bool y){
    bool l = y || r ;
}

gets translated into the following IR: (created through clang -c -emit-llvm file.c -o out.bc - and then viewed through llvm-dis)

define void @_Z1mbb(i1 zeroext %r, i1 zeroext %y) nounwind {
entry:
  %r.addr = alloca i8, align 1
  %y.addr = alloca i8, align 1
  %l = alloca i8, align 1
  %frombool = zext i1 %r to i8
  store i8 %frombool, i8* %r.addr, align 1
  %frombool1 = zext i1 %y to i8
  store i8 %frombool1, i8* %y.addr, align 1
  %0 = load i8* %y.addr, align 1
  %tobool = trunc i8 %0 to i1
  br i1 %tobool, label %lor.end, label %lor.rhs

lor.rhs:                                          ; preds = %entry
  %1 = load i8* %r.addr, align 1
  %tobool2 = trunc i8 %1 to i1
  br label %lor.end

lor.end:                                          ; preds = %lor.rhs, %entry
  %2 = phi i1 [ true, %entry ], [ %tobool2, %lor.rhs ]
  %frombool3 = zext i1 %2 to i8
  store i8 %frombool3, i8* %l, align 1
  ret void
}

So what happens here? Unlike the C++ code, where the variable bool l could be either 0 or 1, in the LLVM IR it has to be defined once. So we check if %tobool is true, and then jump to lor.end or lor.rhs.

In lor.end we finally have the value of the || operator. If we arrived from the entry block - then it's just true. Otherwise, it is equal to the value of %tobool2 - and that's exactly what we get from the following IR line:

%2 = phi i1 [ true, %entry ], [ %tobool2, %lor.rhs ]