The Github wikis are backed by a separate git repository then the main project repository.
This post by the Github team makes it sound like you should be able to link to
The comment from @Drew Noakes to the original question did it for me:
The syntax for the image I wanted to be displayed:
[[/images/imageName.png]]
This image was only displayed when renaming:
wikiPage.md --> wikiPage.wiki
The following folder structure was used in the wiki repository:
repository.wiki
|--wikiPage.wiki
|--images
|--imageName.png
BUT:
The syntax in .wiki differs from .md files.