The Github wikis are backed by a separate git repository then the main project repository.
This post by the Github team makes it sound like you should be able to link to
I put both images and PDFs in my wikis. I clone the wiki and add an images
and a files
directory, then use the following markdown to embed image links and add file links:
Images:
[[/images/path/to/image.ext|ALT TEXT]]
The leading slash isn't necessary if your wiki pages are all at the root level, but I use subdirectories and an absolute path resolves correctly and keeps things simple.
Files:
[link text](files/path/to/file.ext "ALT TEXT")
Note, no leading slash for the wiki files
path to resolve correctly as a link in this format.
I documented this with more detail in a GitHub gist