The problem:
I need a device agnostic (e.g. HTML5) solution for storing and querying 250,000+ rows of data offline on a phone or tablet type device (e.g
Why not write a simple storage engine in javascript (which covers the "standards-based" part)? Apparently you don't need anything very fancy, so it should not take too much effort to have it working.
I would do the following:
This solution is only feasible if the database is simple enough. But I think it might work -- javascript support is good on mobile devices.
For inspiration here is a Btree+ implementation in javascript.
To read the local files you will need the file API, which can be used to access local files. It is supported in most modern browsers, even Safari 6. I have not been able to determine if current iPhone browsers support this API though.