What are the most interesting equivalences arising from the Curry-Howard Isomorphism?

Question

I came upon the Curry-Howard Isomorphism relatively late in my programming life, and perhaps this contributes to my being utterly fascinated by it. It implies that for every pro

Answer 1

Since you explicitly asked for the most interesting and obscure ones:

You can extend C-H to many interesting logics and formulations of logics to obtain a really wide variety of correspondences. Here I've tried to focus on some of the more interesting ones rather than on the obscure, plus a couple of fundamental ones that haven't come up yet.

evaluation             | proof normalisation/cut-elimination
variable               | assumption
S K combinators        | axiomatic formulation of logic   
pattern matching       | left-sequent rules 
subtyping              | implicit entailment (not reflected in expressions)
intersection types     | implicit conjunction
union types            | implicit disjunction
open code              | temporal next
closed code            | necessity
effects                | possibility
reachable state        | possible world
monadic metalanguage   | lax logic
non-termination        | truth in an unobservable possible world
distributed programs   | modal logic S5/Hybrid logic
meta variables         | modal assumptions
explicit substitutions | contextual modal necessity
pi-calculus            | linear logic

EDIT: A reference I'd recommend to anyone interested in learning more about extensions of C-H:

"A Judgmental Reconstruction of Modal Logic" http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~fp/papers/mscs00.pdf - this is a great place to start because it starts from first principles and much of it is aimed to be accessible to non-logicians/language theorists. (I'm the second author though, so I'm biased.)