I am trying to resolve why the following Matlab syntax does not work.
For calculating the cumulative sum, you should be using cumsum:
>> A = [2 3 4 5 8 9]
A =
2 3 4 5 8 9
>> cumsum(A)
ans =
2 5 9 14 22 31
The issue is that 1:x is 1 and that sum reduces linear arrays. To do this properly, you need a 2d array and then sum the rows:
s(x)=sum(triu(repmat(A,[prod(size(A)) 1])'))