I am new to PHP and attempting get the value of an option chosen from a select tag. I am familiar with some types of input such as radio, text, checkboxes e.t.c. my question is
You need to give the name attribute to the select, not the options.
Democrat Republican Independent Undecided
Then in php, you can access $_GET['party_type'], which will be the option that was chosen.
$_GET['party_type']