[ Newer Edit]: colab team reported that they corrected the issue on May 27 2020.
I have checked - it works Okay for me now.
Link to issue: https://github.com/googlecolab/col
Brief: do NOT mount google drive by web-interface button "Mount drive" (it is bugged), but do it in the "old" command line way, and you will not have problems.
Details:
After getting excellent answer above and playing with it, it seems I found some strange thing which results in simpler solution and probably indicates that there is currently a bug with mounting the google drive by the web interface button "Mount drive".
I mean do NOT mount the drive by interface:
But do it in the old way:
and that is all - you will get the access to files which added before with the help of "Add shortcut to Drive":