I have 2 custom fields in my WordPress system when creating new posts. One is called homethumb
(is the title of an image) and another called description.
I
You also have
do_action('rss_item')
that runs in the loop for every item in the RSS feed. Hook in to that and output anything extra you need in to the feed item.
To show the excerpt instead of the entire article, go to "reading" in Settings section of your admin menu and half way through the options there's a setting to use excerpts instead of full text.
No plugins required. Just a little custom programming.