Does X-Windows have to be installed on a Linux-box in order for Java to display fullscreen graphics?
On an embedded device, such as a Raspberry Pi, if you don't want to go through full X11 with standard Java AWT + Swing, then this https://github.com/ttww/JavaFrameBuffer project to write straight into the frame buffer seems interesting.
An alternative may be to use e.g. SWT on GTK, or Qt Jambi, to write into the Frame Buffer (both GTK and QT can directly use a FB without X11).