I did quite a lot of research on the web and tried a few settings, but I couldn\'t reproduce the behavior of running MsTest in Visual Studio 2012 on the command line.
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This is due to an MSTest bug that sets the current directory to its own working directory, rather than the test project's bin (or deployment) folder. The workaround is to execute the following code in the constructor of your test class:
Environment.CurrentDirectory(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory);
I got the idea from http://www.ademiller.com/blogs/tech/2008/01/gotchas-mstest-appdomain-changes-in-vs-2008/; however, note that, in my case at least, it required setting Environment.CurrentDirectory, rather than the reverse, as suggested in the article.