In CSS (any version), is there something like, or any other way of doing anything like the :has() selector in jQuery?
jQuery(\':has
No, there isn't. The way CSS is designed, does not permit selectors that match ancestors or preceding siblings; only descendants ( and >), succeeding siblings (~ and +) or specific children (:*-child). The only ancestor selector is the :root pseudo-class which selects the root element of a document (in HTML pages, naturally it would be html).
If you need to apply styles to the element you're querying with :has(), you need to add a CSS class to it then style by that class, as suggested by Stargazer712.