[char for char in your_string if char in your_dict.keys()]
this will give you a list of all chars in your string that are present as keys in your dictionary.
Eg.
your_dict = {'o':1, 'd':2, 'x':3}
your_string = 'dog'
>>> [char for char in your_string if char in your_dict.keys()]
['d', 'o']