I added \"cviebrock/image-validator\": \"1.0.*\" to require section of composer.json. After, I ran composer update
I am most certain you pulled your application from a git? If you take a closer look at your .gitignore file you would see that /vendor is one of the files/folders that git was told to ignore. You need to remove /vendor, composer.lock and composer.phar from .gitignore IF you're in development.
Also if you navigate to the /vendors folder via FTP or ssh, you will see that it only has folders that were outlined in your composer.json file under
"require": {
}
are the ones in the vendor folder.
Once you run composer update and composer install you should be fine.