I want to validate user entries on a WordPress post upon hitting the submit button, display an error message is there are problems, and submit the form if everything is OK.
The real question is - why are you doing validation server-side? Why can't you load in the validation criteria before - as the post is being written? Then your validation can happen real-time and not on-submit.
jquery.post is performed asynchronously, which means the JS will continue before it gets the reply. You're stuck with Diodeus's answer - bind the button to validtion which then submits the form (which makes it not degrade well), or change your $.post to ajax and turn off async, which will force it to wait for response before proceeding...possibly locking up JS on your page until it times out.
$.ajax({
type: 'POST',
url: ajaxurl,
async:false,
data: data,
timeout:3000,
success: function(){
}
});