Two tables with same columns or one table with additional column?

Question

Say I have two tables (Apples and Oranges) with the same columns and just a different table name. Would there be any advantages/disadvantages to turning this into one table

Answer 1

Depends on constraints:

• Do you have foreign keys or CHECKs on apples that don't exist on oranges (or vice-versa)?
• Do you need to keep keys unique across both tables (so no apple can have the same ID as some orange)?

If the answers on these two questions are: "yes" and "no", keep the tables separate (so constraints can be made table-specific¹).

If the answers are: "no" and "yes", merge them together (so you can crate a key that spans both).

If the answers are: "yes" and "yes", consider emulating inheritance²:

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¹ Lookup data is a typical example of tables that look similar, yet must be kept separate so FKs can be kept separate.

² Specifically, this is the "all classes in separate tables" strategy for representing inheritance (aka. category, subclassing, subtyping, generalization hierarchy etc.). You might want to take a look at this post for more info.