How can I display non-English characters in R-markdown? In an otherwise English document, I would like to render a single \'u\' with two dots (an \'umlaut\') on top
You can use standard HTML code for this.
For example, the German letter ä can be displayed by placing the corresponding vowel after an ampersand sign, followed by uml;, i.e., ä.
Here's an example of a .Rmd file:
---
title: "Umlauts with Rmarkdown"
output: html_document
---
## This is a sentence with many umlaut characters:
Herr Müller sagt: "Über den Wolken können Sonnenuntergänge
besonders schön sein."