I would like to create an XSD that defines an attribute which can be placed on elements from other schemas, or elements that are not in any schema. For example, the schema
This is exactly what NVDL (Namespace-based Validation and Dispatching Language) provides. It allows to combine multiple schemas/vocabularies to validate a document without the need to change those schemas. NVDL is an ISO standard.
A working NVDL script that handles your case is below
Basically it says validate what it is on the ...tempuri.org/OtherSchema namespace with the other.xsd schema and the attributes from ...tempuri.org/MySchema with the my.xsd schema.
For more info about NVDL see www.nvdl.org. The above script was tested with oNVDL.