C++ buffered stream IO

Question

I understand that by default all stream IO supported by C++ is buffered.

This means that data to be output is put into a buffer till it is full and then sent to the

Answer 1

First, not all iostream is buffered; buffering is handled by the attached streambuf. In the case of filebuf (used by ifstream and ofstream), input will read as much as possible, up to the size of the buffer, and output will flush the buffer on overflow, when an explicit flush or close occurs, or when the object is destructed (which implicitly calls close).

The case of cout is a bit special, since it is never destructed nor closes. There is a guarantee from the system that flush will be called on it at least once after exit is called (which is what happens when you return from main). This means that any output before returning from main will be flushed; if you're using cout in destructors of static objects, you still need an explicit flush to be sure.

It's also possible to tie an output stream to an input stream; cout is tied to cin by default. In this case, any attempt to input from the tied stream will flush the output.

The usual convention is to just use std::endl instead of simply outputting '\n'; std::endl outputs a '\n' and then flushes the stream. For streams where it is very important for all output to appear promptly, there is a unitbuf flag which can be set, which means that the stream will be flushed at the end of each << operator. (std::cerr has this set by default.)

Finally, if you want to see the effect of buffering, put something like sleep(10) after your output. If it output appears immediately, it has been flushed; if it doesn't it has been buffered, and the flush occured implicitly after the sleep.