I am creating a temp table with a query like this:
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE temp_table
SELECT * FROM regular_table
WHERE 1
But regular_table
A temporary table is exactly the same as any other table except that it will be dropped at the end of the session. The only way to have the same indexes (from within the database) is to create them on the table as you would any other table.
Now there is a bit of a hack. You can copy the physical files on disk to a new name and have a clone of the table which includes indexes but I'm assuming you're doing this within an app so that might not be very practical.