Hough Transform can be used to extract lines from images. It can also be used to extract curves - this is a little harder though because higher dimensional Hough transforms
Try googling "Generalized Hough Transform" and you'll find a lot of stuff on this, including the original paper by Ballard, which seems quite readable. Which is the best of these for you depends on where you're starting from with this, so google is probably your best option.
scholar.google.com gives many papers, but few of them are free (though if you have access, it's probably the best start).