In perl special tokens like __PACKAGE__, __SUB__, __FILE__, __LINE__ exists and available from script.
I may get
The C equivalent to __FILE__ is __FILE__.
The C equivalent to __LINE__ is __LINE__.
The C99 equivalent to __SUB__ is __func__. There wasn't anything standard before.
There's no C equivalent to __PACKAGE__ because C doesn't have namespaces.
That said, I don't think you want information about the current line of execution; I think you want information about the XS sub's caller. That means you're actually asking for the XS equivalent of caller.
The XS equivalent of caller is caller_cx. Looking at Perl_cx_dump in scope.c should give an idea how to use the returned PERL_CONTEXT structure.