I created a slider inside of a table like shown in the following code example as I know that the minimum width of the background is used for the slider width:
The folution is, that it's inside an table so the width is defined by the table width attibut for the spec. col and row.
So the fix is pretty short:
table.add(volumenSlider).width(600).height(60);
And its 600width and 60 height.
UI widgets do not set their own size and position. Instead, the parent widget sets the size and position of each child. Widgets provide a minimum, preferred, and maximum size that the parent can use as hints. Some parent widgets, such as Table, can be given constraints on how to size and position the children. To give a widget a specific size in a layout, the widget's minimum, preferred, and maximum size are left alone and size constraints are set in the parent.
Layout at Wiki