Have you tried
update
T_ELEMENT elt
set elt.INSURER = NVL((
select HEADER
from T_DEBTOR debtor
where
debtor.HEADER is not null
and debtor.ID_DEBTOR = elt.ID_DEBTOR), elt.INSURER);
or something similar
admittedy this is a bit unselective but I think it will do what you intend.