Why is there internal fragmentation in a Java object even if every field is 4-byte aligned?

Question

Intro:

I used the JOL (Java Object Layout) tool to analyze the internal and external fragmentation of Java objects for research purpose.

Whi

Answer 1

You have given me a perfect opportunity to post something that I have seen interesting too (this should be a comment, but it's too long):

  System.out.println(ClassLayout.parseInstance(Class.class).toPrintable());

Running this will give you:

 OFFSET  SIZE            TYPE DESCRIPTION                    VALUE
  0     4                 (object header)                01 27 2b fd (00000001 00100111 00101011 11111101) (-47503615)
  4     4                 (object header)                5f 00 00 00 (01011111 00000000 00000000 00000000) (95)
  8     4                 (object header)                df 03 00 f8 (11011111 00000011 00000000 11111000) (-134216737)
 12     4     Constructor Class.cachedConstructor        null
 16     4           Class Class.newInstanceCallerCache   null
 20     4          String Class.name                     (object)
 24     4                 (alignment/padding gap)        N/A
 28     4   SoftReference Class.reflectionData           (object)
 32     4 ClassRepository Class.genericInfo              null
 36     4        Object[] Class.enumConstants            null
 40     4             Map Class.enumConstantDirectory    null
 44     4  AnnotationData Class.annotationData           (object)
 48     4  AnnotationType Class.annotationType           null
 52     4   ClassValueMap Class.classValueMap            null
 56    32                 (alignment/padding gap)        N/A
 88     4             int Class.classRedefinedCount      0
 92   556                 (loss due to the next object alignment)

Instance size: 648 bytes Space losses: 36 bytes internal + 556 bytes external = 592 bytes total

Or a total space loss of 556 bytes; I found this pretty impressive.