Some regex libraries allow lookahead:
somefile(?!16\.txt$).*?\.txt
Otherwise, you can still use multiple character classes:
somefile([^1].|1[^6]|.|.{3,})\.txt
or, to achieve maximum portability:
somefile([^1].|1[^6]|.|....*)\.txt
[^(16)] means: Match any character but braces, 1, and 6.