You could use nexus-cli.
docker run -ti -v $(pwd):$(pwd):ro sjeandeaux/nexus-cli:0.2.0 \
-repo=http://nexus:8081/repository/maven-releases \
-user=admin \
-password=admin123 \
-file=$(pwd)/upload.jar \
-groupID=your.group \
-artifactID=yourArtifactID \
-version=0.1.0 \
-hash md5 \
-hash sha1