I am using ADFS 2.0 for quite some time and I understand how things work. I\'ve done dozen of custom RPs, custom STSes as well as using the ADFS as the relying STS.
As per comments above (joint effort with the OP) the Freshness property on the FederatedPassiveSignIn instance should be set to 0.
According to http://docs.oasis-open.org/wsfed/federation/v1.2/ws-federation.html this indicates for the IP/STS to re-prompt the user for authentication before it issues the token.