Why does a query slow down drastically if in the WHERE clause a constant is replaced by a parameter (having the same value)?

Question

I have a recursive query which executes very fast if the WHERE clause contains a constant but becomes very slow if I replace the constant with a parameter havin

Answer 1

As Martin suggested in a comment under the question, the problem is that SQL server does not push down properly the predicate from the WHERE clause - see the link in his comment.

I ended up with creating a user defined table-valued function and use it with the CROSS APPLY operator for creating the view.

Let's see the solution itself.

User Defined Table-valued Function

CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[TestFunction] (@Id INT)
RETURNS TABLE 
AS
RETURN 
(
    WITH
    Hierarchy (Id,  ParentId, Data, Depth)
    AS(
    SELECT Id, ParentId, NULL AS Data, 0 AS Depth FROM Test Where Id = @Id
    UNION ALL
    SELECT h.Id, t.ParentId, COALESCE(h.Data, t.Data), Depth + 1 AS Depth
        FROM Hierarchy h
            INNER JOIN Test t ON t.Id = h.ParentId
    )
    SELECT * FROM Hierarchy
)

View

CREATE VIEW [dbo].[TestView]
AS
SELECT t.Id, t.ParentId, f.Data, f.Depth
FROM
    Test AS t
    CROSS APPLY TestFunction(Id) as f

Query with constant

SELECT * FROM TestView WHERE Id = 69

Query with parameter

DECLARE @Id INT
SELECT @Id = 69
SELECT * FROM TestView WHERE Id = @Id

The query with the parmater executes basically as fast as the query with the constant.

Thank You Martin and for the others as well!