Is there any free single-signon mechanism for Android that gracefully works with non-webapps? Say, something along the lines of...
You launch my app and use
Have you tried or think of using Firebase? https://firebase.google.com/docs/auth/?hl=es-419
It has some useful tools, you can sign-in with multiple social connectors and user/password as well, and they provide a library to integrate the whole UI and server flow, they even take advantage of google smart lock for you.
Take a look at https://github.com/firebase/FirebaseUI-Android I used it in a personal project and saved me a lot of time.