we have a locally-hosted Enterprise Edition of GitLab at my place of employment (currently at v7.12.00-ee ceb5083). I can create a repository through the GUI without issue.
You have to set the correct URL for the GitLab API in GitLab's configuration files.
As we can see in your gitlab-shell.log your API address is currently set to http://127.0.0.1:8080/. If you change the default URL where GitLab is running or if you changed its default port, you have to change it.
This parameter is configurable in /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb :
## GitLab URL
##! URL on which GitLab will be reachable.
##! For more details on configuring external_url see:
##! https://docs.gitlab.com/omnibus/settings/configuration.html#configuring-the-external-url-for-gitlab
external_url 'http://127.0.0.1:3000'
[...]
This is the default value (as port 3000 is the default value in GitLab omnibus for unicorn). After you updated it you'll have to run a sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure to apply this parameter.
It will override the file opt/gitlab/embedded/service/gitlab-shell/config.yml as mentioned in it's header comments.