That is, when you call a function with >1 arity with only one argument, it should, instead of displaying an error, curry that argument and return the resulting function with
The short answer is yes, though not easily.
you could implament this as a macro that wrapped every call in partial, though only in limited context. Clojure has some features that would make this rather difficult such as variable arity functions and dynamit calls. Clojure lacks a formal type system to concretely decide when the call can have no more arguments and should actually be called.