How to run .net application on Linux environment?

Question

Is it possible to run a .net application on Linux environment? If yes then how? Will all the components of .net framework work properly on Linux ?

Answer 1

An updated answer for 2018 with the current state of the Mono Project in Linux.

mono repos exist for:

Ubuntu
Debian
Raspbian
CentOS
Fedora
Docker

The instructions suggest installing mono-complete - on Centos I also had to install mono-basic for VB.NET to work. The current level of support for VB.NET is:

default runtime: v4.0.30319

which is good enough to run a VB.NET XML client which required a 3.5 runtime: